烟草在线据巴西新闻报道编译　　全球商品链已经成为应对全球化的组织，并成为生产和创新过程组织的主要领域。巴西的里约帕尔多山谷烟草集群，受到控制了全球烟草链的跨国公司的怎样影响？

　　发展研究协会的研究表明，本土企业在全球烟草链的参与仅限于作为原料供应商和服务商。发展阶段的大部分创新是通过知识系统开发的，其中，生产商和其他的当地公司起到的作用很小。

　　在国外市场，同越来越多的生产者竞争的需要，迫使发展中国家的当地生产商融入全球商品链中。分析在全球商品链背后的最基本的理念是这些商品链，可能为当地生产商提供通过对外部买家的学习和新知识的获得过程，走上一条渐进式升级道路的可能性。

　　对里约帕尔多山谷烟草链的分析披露了在烟草种植、加工和零售活动中，参与者和机构的自然联系的多样性。

　　烟草集群中种植者和加工公司的联系，不仅在农业生产阶段的动态创新中发挥基础性作用，而且在产业集群构成了核心制度设计。

　　主要发现包括：

　　·在产业集群中，当地商业协会在支持生产系统的控制中发挥着重要作用,但是在学习过程和在形成创新策略方面发挥的作用非常有限。

　　·当地公司在创新过程中发挥的作用有限。种植与加工活动中的关键创新，要么通过跨国公司，要么通过同机械供应商和其他外部知识来源之间形成的用户和生产商的关系，引入产业集群中。

　　·加工厂的科技水平，与美国等国相比，仍有很大差距。

　　·植物品种的开发和烟草工业加工活动相关的创新路径，都被跨国公司的分支机构所控制。

　　·在产业集群区域，公司和研究机构之间的相互影响很有限。

　　政策含义包括：

　　·进入价值链的新阶段，不是当地生产商的一种真正可行的选择。

　　·与烟草种植阶段相关的升级战略，可以看做是对产业集群的替代。

　　·以上研究结论是由里约热内卢联邦大学经济研究所当地生产和创新系统小组所提出的。

Chains of success? The Rio Pardo Valley Tobacco Cluster in Brazil

　　Global commodity chains have emerged as an organisational response to globalisation and have become one of the main spheres for the organisation of productive and innovative processes. How is the tobacco cluster in the Rio Pardo valley in Brazil influenced by the multinational companies that control the global tobacco chain?

　　Research by the Institute of Development Studies suggests that participation by local enterprises in the global tobacco chain is limited to raw material suppliers and service providers. Most of the innovations adopted at the growing stage are developed through knowledge systems in which producers and other local actors play only a minor role.

　　The need to compete with a growing range of producers in foreign markets has forced local producers in developing countries to integrate into global commodity chains. The basic idea behind the global commodity chain analysis is that these chains might offer a possibility for local producers to embark on a path of progressive upgrading through learning processes and new knowledge acquired from external buyers.

　　An analysis of the tobacco chain in the Rio Pardo Valley reveals a high diversity in the nature of the linkages, actors and institutions involved in the phases of tobacco growing, processing and retailing activities. The linkages between growers and processing firms in the tobacco cluster not only play a fundamental role in the dynamics of innovation at the stage of agricultural production, but also shape the core institutional designs in the cluster.

　　Key findings include:

　　Local business associations in the cluster carry out an important role in supporting the control of the production system, but have a very limited role in engaging local actors in collective learning processes and in shaping innovation strategies.

　　Local actors play only a marginal role in innovation processes. Key innovations in growing and processing activities are instead either introduced into the cluster by multinational corporations or through user-producer relations established with machinery suppliers and other external knowledge sources.

　　At the technological level of processing plants, there is still a considerable difference with countries like the USA.

　　Both the innovative paths associated with the development of plant varieties and with tobacco industrial processing activities are controlled by the subsidiaries of multinational corporations.

　　There is a restricted level of interaction between firms and research institutions in the cluster region.

　　Policy implications include:

　　Moving into new stages of the value chain cannot really be considered a feasible option for local producers.

　　Upgrading strategies associated with the tobacco growing stage can be seen as an alternative for the cluster.